The challenge of designing inclusive speaking activities is that standard ESL activities assume a cognitive and sensory profile that doesn't describe all learners. The assumption of pair work without prior knowledge of the partner, rapid topic changes, unpredictable cold-calling, and the continuous low-level noise of a simultaneous pair work session - these features are unproblematic for most students and genuinely difficult for others.
Neurodivergent learners - those with ADHD, autism spectrum conditions, dyslexia, processing differences, or anxiety disorders - are not rare in language classrooms. Conservative estimates suggest 15-20% of the population has some form of neurodivergence. In a class of 25, that's 4-5 students who may find standard speaking activities challenging for reasons unrelated to their English proficiency.
This doesn't require a separate curriculum. It requires specific, relatively small design choices that make speaking activities more accessible to neurodivergent learners without reducing their value for neurotypical learners. YapYapGo is a classroom speaking practice tool for ESL and EFL teachers. Here's a practical guide.
Understanding the specific challenges
Different neurodivergent profiles present different challenges in speaking activities. Treating "neurodivergent learners" as a single category leads to generic accommodations that help some and miss others.
ADHD: Difficulty sustaining attention during long activities, tendency to interrupt, difficulty with turn-taking rules, high energy that pair work can channel effectively but large-group discussion may not. Often strong in spontaneous, energetic formats; weak in extended structured formats requiring sustained attention. Autism spectrum conditions: Difficulty reading social cues that regulate natural conversation, may take language very literally (sarcasm, idiom, and implicit meaning are harder), may find the simultaneous noise of pair work sessions overwhelming, strong preference for clear and explicit instructions. Often stronger in structured formats with clear rules than in free conversation. Dyslexia: Primarily a reading difficulty that affects speaking indirectly through vocabulary confidence (knowing words but uncertain of their pronunciation), word retrieval difficulties under pressure, and sometimes difficulties with phonological processing. Preparation time before speaking is especially valuable. Generalised anxiety: Overlaps significantly with foreign language anxiety. The combination can be particularly debilitating. Standard accommodations for speaking anxiety (pair work, preparation time, low-stakes formats) help here too. Processing differences: Some learners need more time to process what they've heard before responding. Cold-calling and rapid-fire question formats are particularly challenging. Brief pause-and-think time built into every exchange helps significantly.Design choices that improve accessibility
1. Explicit instructions, every time
Clear, step-by-step verbal instructions followed by written instructions on the board. "In this activity, you'll discuss with your partner for three minutes. Student A speaks first for 90 seconds. Then Student B speaks for 90 seconds. Then you have 60 seconds to discuss together. The topic is on the board."
This level of explicitness feels redundant to neurotypical students and is essential for students with autism spectrum conditions, ADHD, and processing differences. It costs nothing and benefits everyone.
2. Consistent, predictable formats
Rotating through many different activity formats across a term may feel like variety, but it imposes a significant cognitive overhead on learners who need to learn the new rules every time. Building a small repertoire of well-understood formats and using them consistently means that learners can focus on language rather than procedure.
This aligns with the lesson template principle in our post on the conversation class lesson plan template - predictable structure week after week is a feature for neurodivergent learners, not a limitation.
3. Generous preparation time
For all learners with word retrieval difficulties, anxiety, or processing differences, preparation time before speaking significantly reduces the cognitive load of production. The 60-90 second rule from the research (Foster & Skehan, 1996) is especially important for neurodivergent learners.
For students with dyslexia who may have word-retrieval difficulties, providing a short vocabulary list (5-6 key words) before the activity gives them words they can use rather than reach for under pressure.
4. Partner familiarity for high-stakes activities
Random partner rotation is pedagogically valuable for building varied interaction. But for a neurodivergent learner who finds the social unpredictability of a new partner cognitively demanding, high-stakes activities (a presentation practice, a mock exam) should allow the option of working with a known partner.
Build trust across the term through regular interaction, and as familiarity with the class grows, the unpredictability of random partners becomes more manageable.
5. Sensory considerations in pair work
The simultaneous noise of 25 students talking at once can be genuinely overwhelming for learners with sensory sensitivities. Practical accommodations: seat sensitive learners away from the loudest parts of the room (which tends to be the centre), allow the option of moving to a quieter corner for pair work, or run shorter pair work rounds with brief quiet breaks between them.
Tool tip: YapYapGo provides consistent activity format across all sessions - the structure is the same each time, which benefits neurodivergent learners significantly. A classroom countdown timer visible to all students removes the unpredictability of "when will this end?" - which is a genuine source of anxiety for many neurodivergent learners.
6. Written entry points
For students with processing differences or word retrieval difficulties, allowing brief written notes before speaking (not a script - key words only) bridges the gap between having an idea and being able to produce it in real time.
This is not special treatment - the research on preparation time supports it for all learners, and neurodivergent learners benefit proportionally more.
7. Flexible turn-taking rules
Natural conversation turn-taking - reading the cues that signal when to speak and when to wait - is cognitively demanding and requires skills that autistic learners often find genuinely difficult. Making turn-taking rules explicit ("Student A speaks for 90 seconds, then Student B") removes the ambiguity.
In more open discussion formats, explicit turn markers ("When your partner has finished, they'll nod to signal it's your turn") give learners a clear cue that doesn't require reading subtle social signals.
What not to do
Don't call on neurodivergent learners unexpectedly for extended answers. Cold-calling is a problem for all anxious students; it's more severe for those with processing differences, autism spectrum conditions, or ADHD. Don't confuse neurodivergent behaviour with disengagement. A student who is rocking slightly, looking away, or fidgeting may be regulating themselves in order to focus. Mistaking this for inattention and applying pressure creates additional cognitive load that reduces performance. Don't expect disclosure. Many neurodivergent students have not been formally diagnosed, and many who have been diagnosed prefer not to disclose. Design for the full range of cognitive profiles rather than waiting for individual disclosure to trigger accommodations.The accommodations above are genuinely universal: they benefit neurodivergent learners most and don't disadvantage neurotypical ones at all. They're good inclusive design for any classroom.
For more on building speaking conditions that work for all learners, see our posts on how to create a safe space for ESL speaking practice and foreign language anxiety. A random student picker and this-or-that generator (for low-threat structured warm-ups) used predictably (always after pair work, never for cold-calling) builds the routine that neurodivergent learners depend on.
Sources:
- Armstrong, T. (2012). Neurodiversity in the Classroom. ASCD. - Universal design for learning and neurodivergent students.
- Milton, D. (2012). On the Ontological Status of Autism. Disability and Society. - Autistic communication differences in social interaction.
- Cooper-Kahn, J. & Foster, M. (2013). Boosting Executive Skills in the Classroom. Jossey-Bass. - Executive function and its relationship to classroom participation for ADHD learners.
- Kormos, J. (2017). The Second Language Learning Processes of Students with Specific Learning Differences. Routledge. - Language learning for dyslexic and other neurodiverse learners.